AI实战，用Python玩个自动驾驶！

来源:TechWeb发布时间:2022-04-121449浏览

询问 AI

安装环境

gym是用于开发和比较强化学习算法的工具包，在python中安装gym库和其中子场景都较为简便。

安装gym：

pip install gym

安装自动驾驶模块，这里使用 Edouard Leurent 发布在 github 上的包 highway-env：

pip install --user git+https://github.com/eleurent/highway-env

其中包含6个场景：

高速公路——“highway-v0” 汇入——“merge-v0” 环岛——“roundabout-v0” 泊车——“parking-v0” 十字路口——“intersection-v0” 赛车道——“racetrack-v0”

详细文档可以参考这里：

https://highway-env.readthedocs.io/en/latest/

配置环境

安装好后即可在代码中进行实验（以高速公路场景为例）：

import gym
import highway_env
%matplotlib inline
env = gym.make('highway-v0')
env.reset()
for _ in range(3):
action = env.action_type.actions_indexes["IDLE"]
obs, reward, done, info = env.step(action)
env.render()

运行后会在模拟器中生成如下场景：

env类有很多参数可以配置，具体可以参考原文档。

训练模型 1、数据处理

(1)state

highway-env包中没有定义传感器，车辆所有的state (observations) 都从底层代码读取，节省了许多前期的工作量。根据文档介绍，state (ovservations) 有三种输出方式：Kinematics，Grayscale Image和Occupancy grid。

Kinematics

输出V*F的矩阵，V代表需要观测的车辆数量（包括ego vehicle本身），F代表需要统计的特征数量。例：

数据生成时会默认归一化，取值范围：[100, 100, 20, 20]，也可以设置ego vehicle以外的车辆属性是地图的绝对坐标还是对ego vehicle的相对坐标。

在定义环境时需要对特征的参数进行设定：

config =
{
"observation":
{
"type": "Kinematics",
#选取5辆车进行观察（包括ego vehicle）
"vehicles_count": 5,
#共7个特征
"features": ["presence", "x", "y", "vx", "vy", "cos_h", "sin_h"],
"features_range":
{
"x": [-100, 100],
"y": [-100, 100],
"vx": [-20, 20],
"vy": [-20, 20]
},
"absolute": False,
"order": "sorted"
},
"simulation_frequency": 8, # [Hz]
"policy_frequency": 2, # [Hz]
}

Grayscale Image

生成一张W*H的灰度图像，W代表图像宽度，H代表图像高度

Occupancy grid

生成一个WHF的三维矩阵，用W*H的表格表示ego vehicle周围的车辆情况，每个格子包含F个特征。

(2) action

highway-env包中的action分为连续和离散两种。连续型action可以直接定义throttle和steering angle的值，离散型包含5个meta actions：

ACTIONS_ALL = {
0: 'LANE_LEFT',
1: 'IDLE',
2: 'LANE_RIGHT',
3: 'FASTER',
4: 'SLOWER'
}

(3) reward

highway-env包中除了泊车场景外都采用同一个reward function：

这个function只能在其源码中更改，在外层只能调整权重。

（泊车场景的reward function原文档里有）

2、搭建模型

DQN网络，我采用第一种state表示方式——Kinematics进行示范。由于state数据量较小（5辆车*7个特征），可以不考虑使用CNN，直接把二维数据的size[5,7]转成[1,35]即可，模型的输入就是35，输出是离散action数量，共5个。

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.autograd import Variable
import torch.nn.functional as F
import torch.optim as optim
import torchvision.transforms as T
from torch import FloatTensor, LongTensor, ByteTensor
from collections import namedtuple
import random
Tensor = FloatTensor
EPSILON = 0 # epsilon used for epsilon greedy approach
GAMMA = 0.9
TARGET_NETWORK_REPLACE_FREQ = 40 # How frequently target netowrk updates
MEMORY_CAPACITY = 100
BATCH_SIZE = 80
LR = 0.01 # learning rate
class DQNNet(nn.Module):
def __init__(self):
super(DQNNet,self).__init__()
self.linear1 = nn.Linear(35,35)
self.linear2 = nn.Linear(35,5)
def forward(self,s):
s=torch.FloatTensor(s)
s = s.view(s.size(0),1,35)
s = self.linear1(s)
s = self.linear2(s)
return s
class DQN(object):
def __init__(self):
self.net,self.target_net = DQNNet(),DQNNet()
self.learn_step_counter = 0
self.memory = []
self.position = 0
self.capacity = MEMORY_CAPACITY
self.optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(self.net.parameters(), lr=LR)
self.loss_func = nn.MSELoss()
def choose_action(self,s,e):
x=np.expand_dims(s, axis=0)
if np.random.uniform() < 1-e:
actions_value = self.net.forward(x)
action = torch.max(actions_value,-1)[1].data.numpy()
action = action.max()
else:
action = np.random.randint(0, 5)
return action
def push_memory(self, s, a, r, s_):
if len(self.memory) < self.capacity:
self.memory.append(None)
self.memory[self.position] = Transition(torch.unsqueeze(torch.FloatTensor(s), 0),torch.unsqueeze(torch.FloatTensor(s_), 0),
torch.from_numpy(np.array([a])),torch.from_numpy(np.array([r],dtype='float32')))#
self.position = (self.position + 1) % self.capacity
def get_sample(self,batch_size):
sample = random.sample(self.memory,batch_size)
return sample
def learn(self):
if self.learn_step_counter % TARGET_NETWORK_REPLACE_FREQ == 0:
self.target_net.load_state_dict(self.net.state_dict())
self.learn_step_counter += 1
transitions = self.get_sample(BATCH_SIZE)
batch = Transition(*zip(*transitions))
b_s = Variable(torch.cat(batch.state))
b_s_ = Variable(torch.cat(batch.next_state))
b_a = Variable(torch.cat(batch.action))
b_r = Variable(torch.cat(batch.reward))
q_eval = self.net.forward(b_s).squeeze(1).gather(1,b_a.unsqueeze(1).to(torch.int64))
q_next = self.target_net.forward(b_s_).detach() #
q_target = b_r + GAMMA * q_next.squeeze(1).max(1)[0].view(BATCH_SIZE, 1).t()
loss = self.loss_func(q_eval, q_target.t())
self.optimizer.zero_grad() # reset the gradient to zero
loss.backward()
self.optimizer.step() # execute back propagation for one step
return loss
Transition = namedtuple('Transition',('state', 'next_state','action', 'reward'))
3、运行结果

各个部分都完成之后就可以组合在一起训练模型了，流程和用CARLA差不多，就不细说了。

初始化环境（DQN的类加进去就行了）：

import gym
import highway_env
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import time
config =
{
"observation":
{
"type": "Kinematics",
"vehicles_count": 5,
"features": ["presence", "x", "y", "vx", "vy", "cos_h", "sin_h"],
"features_range":
{
"x": [-100, 100],
"y": [-100, 100],
"vx": [-20, 20],
"vy": [-20, 20]
},
"absolute": False,
"order": "sorted"
},
"simulation_frequency": 8, # [Hz]
"policy_frequency": 2, # [Hz]
}
env = gym.make("highway-v0")
env.configure(config)

训练模型：

dqn=DQN()
count=0
reward=[]
avg_reward=0
all_reward=[]
time_=[]
all_time=[]
collision_his=[]
all_collision=[]
while True:
done = False
start_time=time.time()
s = env.reset()
while not done:
e = np.exp(-count/300) #随机选择action的概率，随着训练次数增多逐渐降低
a = dqn.choose_action(s,e)
s_, r, done, info = env.step(a)
env.render()
dqn.push_memory(s, a, r, s_)
if ((dqn.position !=0)&(dqn.position % 99==0)):
loss_=dqn.learn()
count+=1
print('trained times:',count)
if (count%40==0):
avg_reward=np.mean(reward)
avg_time=np.mean(time_)
collision_rate=np.mean(collision_his)
all_reward.append(avg_reward)
all_time.append(avg_time)
all_collision.append(collision_rate)
plt.plot(all_reward)
plt.show()
plt.plot(all_time)
plt.show()
plt.plot(all_collision)
plt.show()
reward=[]
time_=[]
collision_his=[]
s = s_
reward.append(r)
end_time=time.time()
episode_time=end_time-start_time
time_.append(episode_time)
is_collision=1 if info['crashed']==True else 0
collision_his.append(is_collision)